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The purpose of this study is to develop an efficient model to solve the electromagnetic forward problem using a novel semi-analytical approach to compute the electromagnetic fields because of the presence of a scatterer.

The proposed model involves a novel formulation of a complete orthonormal set of radiating/nonradiating polarization currents. Furthermore, an integral equation-based representation is derived, and the appropriate boundary conditions are imposed to get the scattered electromagnetic field. An error term is introduced to evaluate the obtained results.

The proposed model was tested using several examples at different frequencies. The results of this study show that the novel representation exhibits fast convergence behavior and achieves highly accurate results, when compared to the results provided by the transmission line method.

The derived formulations presented in this study are significant in the electromagnetic forward modelling field because of the meaningful physical representation they provide. This is an important aspect that leads to precise calculation of electromagnetic fields for various applications.

The purpose of the presented research paper is to explore the different aspects of crowdsourcing and its evolution over time. Supported by three different case studies, the research focuses on the different factors that affect crowdsourcing for open innovation. Moreover, the findings give us a proposed managerial framework to be considered when adopting crowdsourcing in addition to factors that proved its huge effect on crowdsourcing activities.

A qualitative research approach for this research was the most convenient. It focuses on providing an in-depth understanding of the phenomena. Qualitative research represents the views and perspectives of the participants in a study besides it is driven by a desire to explain these events, through existing or emerging concepts (Yin, 2016). Adopting a case study research method that investigates a contemporary phenomenon (the “case”) in depth and within its real-world context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context may not be evident (Yin, 2018) as in crowdsourcing based business model for open innovation.

The researchers presented the benefits and challenges when considering crowdsourcing establishing a managerial framework for open innovation. Additionally, the researchers identified the different factors that highly affect crowdsourcing proposing a model that can be used for adopting crowdsourcing. The research also presented insights about how crowdsourcing was introduced in the Egyptian market and how it evolved through the years.

The study had some limitations to be considered in the following work. Company X used crowdsourcing within a high degree of limitations and confidentially consequently, restricting the effects and results of crowdsourcing. Another limitation was that the study has been only qualitative, and the addition of the quantitative approach will numerically support the findings. Moreover, the research depended on the businesses only as of the source of information and neglected the crowd sample.

The main aim of this study was to address the lack of research evidence on what it means to adopt crowdsourcing for open innovation in Egyptian firms. The authors have done so by adopting three case studies which enabled them to directly observe and report on the daily work of trust CEOs, with special attention to the practices. Whereby, these executives made themselves knowledgeable for all practical purposes, as dictated by their specific job. Accordingly, the first major contribution of the present research is that it provides much-needed empirical data on the actual practices of crowdsourcing in three Egyptian, yet international companies. Moreover, the results could be used as a guideline when considering crowdsourcing activities highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of such activities.

The paper discusses different perspectives of crowdsourcing presenting a new categorization for its types. Moreover, how these types have been used especially in the Egyptian market. On the other hand, the paper investigated and documented three different sized companies' experiences utilizing crowdsourcing for innovation. The collected information was used to suggest a new model by which companies can avoid the difficulties others had. Moreover, the research highlighted the benefits and challenges of using crowdsourcing for open innovation.

The purpose of this paper was to explore the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of locally available herbs, namely, Bacopa monnieri in enhancing the shelf life of chicken nuggets.

Meat products are highly vulnerable to spoilage due to their excessive fats and protein content. Therefore, chicken nuggets incorporated with 1, 2 and 3 per cent Bacopa monnieri extracts and control chicken nuggets, were studied to explore the potency of this locally available herb on oxidative stability and storage quality of chicken nuggets on the 0,7th,14th and the 21st day at the refrigerated storage (4 ± 1°C).

Extracts of Bacopa monnieri were prepared and optimally incorporated in the chicken nuggets. Chicken nuggets prepared with 2 per cent of Bacopa monnieri were adjudged as the best among all based on sensory attributes. Extracts of Bacopa monnieri-incorporated nuggets were safe for consumption until 21 days of refrigerated storage (4 ± 1°C), based upon the power of hydrogen (pH), free fatty acid (FFA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), microbiological profile and sensory evaluation of the chicken nuggets.

Two per cent of Bacopa monnieri extracts’ incorporation in the chicken nuggets successfully improved the oxidative stability and storage quality of chicken nuggets and, therefore, can be commercially exploited.

The Bacopa monnieri herb is commonly available in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state in the Indian Republic; hence, it can be used in its extract form in meat products, to make the products function with enhanced shelf life.

The addition of 2 per cent extracts of Bacopa monnieri in the chicken nuggets successfully improved the oxidative stability and its storage quality during the refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) storage. Therefore, it can be commercially exploited to improve the storage quality for longer duration of the meat food without adversely affecting the sensory quality of the products.